Understanding and Navigating Emotions

"When you think the same thoughts, make the same choices, and feel the same emotions every single day, your brain becomes hardwired to operate in a predictable pattern." – Dr. Joe Dispenza

Emotions are not just fleeting feelings; they are deeply embedded patterns that shape our experiences, relationships, and even our health. But what are emotions? How do they arise, and how can we manage them consciously rather than be ruled by them? Let’s explore some of the theories, classifications and ways to navigate emotional states.

How Do Emotions Happen? Theories of Emotion

Psychologists and neuroscientists have long debated how emotions arise. Here are some of the most well-known theories.

1. Commonsense Theory

This is the everyday belief that emotions "just happen." For example, "I see a snake, I feel afraid, and then my body reacts." While intuitive, this theory doesn’t explain the full complexity of how emotions form.

Stimulus ➪ Emotional Reaction ➪ Physiological Response

2. James-Lange Theory

This theory, developed by William James and Carl Lange, suggests that emotions are a result of physiological reactions. Instead of feeling fear first and then responding, the body reacts first (e.g., increased heart rate), and then the brain labels this response as fear.

Example: You see a snake → Your body tenses and your heart races → You interpret these bodily changes as fear.

Stimulus ➪ Physiological Response ➪ Emotional Reaction

3. Appraisal/Label Theory

This theory suggests that emotions depend on how we interpret or label an event. Our thoughts shape our emotions. If we view a challenge as an opportunity, we may feel excitement rather than anxiety.

Example: You feel your heart pounding before a presentation. If you interpret it as nervousness, you might feel anxious. If you interpret it as excitement, you feel energised.

Stimulus ➪ Physiological Response ➪ Label ➪ Emotional Reaction

4. Rational Emotive Theory (Albert Ellis, 1955)

Ellis proposed that it is not events themselves that cause emotions, but our beliefs about them. Changing our thought patterns can shift our emotional experience. This is the foundation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Example: Instead of thinking, "I’ll fail this test and be humiliated," you reframe it as, "This test is challenging, but I can prepare and do my best."

Stimulus ➪ Thoughts ➪ Experience Emotions ➪ Physiological Response

The Three Categories of Emotional States

Understanding emotions requires recognising their different layers. There are three primary ways to categorise emotional states.

1. Feelings

Feelings are the subjective experience of emotions. They are personal and influenced by past experiences and beliefs.
Example: Feeling sad after a breakup.

2. Emotions

Emotions are immediate, automatic responses to stimuli. They are often tied to survival instincts and occur before conscious thought.
Example: Jumping when startled by a loud noise.

3. Affect

Affect is the broader term that includes emotions and mood. While emotions are short-lived, affective states like mood can last much longer.
Example: A person feeling low for weeks might be experiencing a depressive effect.

Managing Emotions: Moving from Reactivity to Response

"You cannot always control what goes on outside. But you can always control what goes on inside." – Wayne Dyer

Emotions can feel overwhelming, but there are tools to manage them effectively:

1. Name It to Tame It

Research shows that simply labeling an emotion reduces its intensity. Instead of saying, "I feel terrible," be specific: "I feel frustrated and tired."

2. Breathwork & Body Awareness

Emotions manifest in the body. By using deep breathing, grounding exercises, or body scans, we can regulate our nervous system and reduce emotional intensity.

3. Question the Thought Behind the Emotion

Ask yourself:

• What am I believing about this situation?

• Is this thought absolutely true?

• What is a more balanced way to see this?

4. Practice Emotional Inquiry

Instead of reacting, pause and inquire:

• Where do I feel this in my body?

• What is this emotion trying to tell me?

• Is there an unmet need behind this emotion?

5. Movement & Expression

Emotions are energy in motion. Dance, shake, journal, or create art to help process and release them.

6. Develop Emotional Resilience

The goal is not to avoid emotions but to build resilience so that emotions do not dictate our actions. Mindfulness, self-compassion and boundary-setting all contribute to this.

Final Thoughts

Emotions are a rich, complex part of the human experience. By understanding how they arise, categorising their states, and applying mindful tools, we can move from being emotionally reactive to emotionally empowered. Whether through self-inquiry, breathwork, or cognitive reframing, we have the power to shift our emotional landscape.